Final answer:
The correct answer to the question is B) Insight, which describes a sudden realization or understanding of a problem's solution, as experienced by Spencer during his math exam.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the process by which Spencer, while taking his math placement exam, suddenly arrived at the answer to a problem that had previously stumped him.
Given the specific scenario, the answer is B) Insight. Insight learning is characterized by a sudden flash of understanding or an 'aha' moment that solves a problem.
It often occurs after a person has wrestled with a problem for a period of time and, upon taking a break or shifting focus, the solution comes to them quickly and seemingly out of nowhere.
This is contrasted with latent learning, where an individual learns something but does not show evidence of that knowledge until a later time when it is necessary. Learning sets, abstract learning, and operant conditioning are not the best fits for this scenario either, as they involve different processes of learning and behavior modification.