Final answer:
Functional fixedness is exemplified by not using objects for anything other than their traditional function, like failing to use keys to open a package. This cognitive bias affects problem-solving and transcending it can lead to innovative solutions, as seen with NASA engineers during the Apollo 13 mission. The correct option is D.
Step-by-step explanation:
Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. Among the options presented in the question, the example of functional fixedness is (D) Failing to use your keys to open a package when you can't find a pair of scissors. This is because the individual is fixated on the function of the keys solely as a tool to open locks and cannot conceive of them being used for another purpose, like cutting or prying.
Historical instances such as the Apollo 13 mission highlight the importance of overcoming functional fixedness, where NASA engineers creatively solved the issue of a damaged air filter using available materials like plastic bags and tape, exhibiting that functional fixedness can indeed be transcended.
Research by German & Barrett (2005) further confirms that functional fixedness is not exclusive to industrialized cultures and that exposure to specialized tools can affect problem-solving abilities across different cultures.