Final answer:
Journaling allows for the fastest system recovery compared to Ext2 and caching, as it maintains a log that can rapidly restore the file system to a consistent state after a crash.
Step-by-step explanation:
The component that allows for faster file system recovery among the options given is Journaling. Journaling file systems are designed to maintain a log (journal) that keeps track of all file system changes. In the event of a crash or power failure, a journaling file system can use this log to restore the file system to a consistent state with greater speed than file systems without journaling, such as Ext2. This is because the system does not need to check the entire disk; it only needs to consult the journal to find out what was happening at the time of the crash and then complete any only partly done transactions. This reduces recovery time significantly.