Final answer:
Manipulating the Social-Evaluative Threat can affect the Cortisol Stress Response in males and females, leading to both beneficial effects under short-term stress and harmful health implications when exposure is prolonged. Studies indicate gender differences in stress responses, with potential variations depending on life events and socio-economic factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
Effects of Social-Evaluative Threat on Cortisol Stress Response
Manipulating the amount of Social-Evaluative Threat has significant effects on the Cortisol Stress Response in young healthy males and females. When individuals perceive a threat, the body initiates a physiological stress response. This includes activating the adrenal glands, which release stress hormones such as cortisol. In situations involving Social-Evaluative Threat, like public speaking or test-taking, cortisol can help mobilize energy and enhance certain aspects of cognitive functioning. Short bursts of stress can lead to beneficial effects like improved immune responses and reduced pain sensitivity. However, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol levels, especially due to chronic stress, is deleterious to health, impairing immune function, increasing susceptibility to heart disease, and is associated with depression.
Studies have shown gender differences in stress responses, with surveys indicating higher stress levels in females than males. However, specific conditions, such as the economic downturn of 2008-2009, saw significant increases in stress levels among employed, college-educated males. Understanding the balance between the immediate, potentially positive effects of stress hormones and their long-term harmful outcomes is essential in assessing health implications of stress and developing strategies for managing stressors in various populations.