Final answer:
Functionalism is a sociological and anthropological theory explaining social phenomena by their functions within society, asserting that various parts of society exist because they serve a purpose towards stability and order. It encompasses ideas such as the Davis-Moore thesis on social stratification but is criticized for its inability to account for social change and dysfunctions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Functionalism and Social Phenomena
The theory that explains the existence of social phenomena by the functions they perform is known as functionalism. Functionalism is a macro-level theoretical framework in sociology and anthropology that sees society as a system of interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. It suggests that different aspects of society are functional if they contribute to the stability and cohesion of society. According to the functionalist perspective, societies are envisioned as complex social systems and their parts work together to maintain stability and order. For example, the Davis-Moore thesis is a functionalist theory of social stratification which posits that certain positions are more socially valued, and therefore, attract greater rewards for the individuals that fill them. This serves a function of motivating qualified individuals to fill and perform in these important roles. However, functionalism has been criticized for its difficulty in explaining social change and for potentially justifying the status quo of social inequalities. Some critics have also noted that dysfunctions, which are elements of society that may be disruptive, can continue to exist even if they do not serve a positive function, challenging the core assumption of functionalism that all aspects of society are constructive or necessary.