Final answer:
In the writings of Thucydides, Pericles extols the virtues of the Athenian constitution and its democratic principles. During Athens' Golden Age, cultural and democratic advancements flourished under Pericles, who enhanced civic participation and promoted a prosperous, open society. Despite challenges such as plagues and defeats in war, Athens remained influential in both governance and culture.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thucydides, through his chronicle in the History of the Peloponnesian War, recounts the words of Pericles and his description of Athens. Pericles lauds the Athenian constitution, highlighting its support for democratic governance that 'favors the many instead of the few.' He declares that Athens provides 'equal justice to all' and associates the city's happiness and success with its implementation of freedom.
The city, under Pericles' leadership during its Golden Age, saw significant cultural prosperity. Pericles instituted reforms that included allowing the thetes to hold public office and introducing a jury salary, the misthophoria, thereby bolstering the democracy. Athens had become a model of openness, accepting new ideas and people, and extending its influence through trade and military success. However, Athens also faced significant struggles, such as a devastating plague during the Peloponnesian War and the eventual defeat by Sparta, which led to a brief period of oligarchic rule before democracy was restored.
Athens' commitment to democracy and its cultural advancements have had a lasting impact on world history. The city’s resilience and innovative spirit, evidenced by both its military successes and the subsequent building projects like the Parthenon, are reflective of its era as a dominant force in the ancient world.