Final answer:
All the elements listed, including inputs, subsystems, outputs, and feedback from the environment, are included in the open systems perspective of organizations. They collectively ensure the organization interacts effectively with its environment and adapts to changes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The open systems perspective of organizations includes multiple components that function together to maintain the viability of the organization. This perspective underscores the fact that organizations interact with their environment and cannot be understood in isolation. The elements that are included in the open systems perspective are:
- Inputs: These are resources such as raw materials, energy, and information that are required for the operation of the organization.
- Subsystems: The organization is made up of various subsystems or departments that have specific functions and contribute to the overall process.
- Outputs: The products or services that result from the organization's operations and are then released into the environment.
- Feedback from the environment: The organization receives information about its outputs' effectiveness, which helps it to adjust and improve its processes.
All of these components are essential in the open systems model as they interact and contribute to the organization's sustained operation and adaptation to changes. So, the correct answer is that all these answers are included in the open systems perspective of organizations.