Final answer:
The belief that all events are governed by lawful cause-and-effect relationships is known as determinism, which posits that every event has conditions that necessitate its occurrence.
Step-by-step explanation:
When we consider that all events are governed by lawful cause-and-effect relationships, we are supporting the belief of determinism. Determinism is the philosophical position that for every event, including human interactions, there exist conditions that could cause no other event. This viewpoint aligns with several arguments within philosophy, such as the causal closure of the physical world, which posits that natural laws govern all physical events, and the causal determinacy of the past, suggesting that past events influence and shape future occurrences according to deterministic patterns.
Hard determinism asserts that because every event is determined, true free will and moral responsibility are not possible. In contrast, soft determinism, or compatibilism, allows for moral responsibility and free will within a determined universe when actions are the result of one's desires, barring external constraints. Indeterminism challenges deterministic views by positing that not all events are causally determined and that there is room for free, uncaused actions.