Final answer:
Formal sanctions are ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations. Examples include expulsion from college for violating a code of conduct and imprisonment for committing a crime. The authority to give formal sanctions varies depending on the specific context.
Step-by-step explanation:
Formal sanctions are ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations. For example, if a student violates a college's code of conduct, they might be expelled. Someone who speaks inappropriately to their boss could be fired. Someone who commits a crime may be arrested or imprisoned. On the positive side, a soldier who saves a life may receive an official commendation.
Authority to give formal sanctions varies depending on the specific context. In educational institutions, administrators and disciplinary boards often have the authority to give formal sanctions to students. In workplaces, employers and human resources departments may have the authority to issue formal sanctions. In the legal system, judges and law enforcement officials are typically responsible for giving formal sanctions.