Final answer:
Bronchiectasis is the condition that involves the destruction of bronchial walls from dilation of airway sacs, and emphysema is a related obstructive lung disease involving alveolar wall destruction. Pneumonia can be fungal, and the diaphragm relaxes during exhalation. Furthermore, coccidioidomycosis, caused by soil-dwelling Coccidioides fungi, is referred to as Valley fever.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that describes the destruction of bronchial walls from dilation of airway sacs is Bronchiectasis. This condition is characterized by a permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung. Symptoms typically include a chronic cough with mucus production. Other symptoms may include a shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and chest pain. Bronchiectasis can be caused by a range of factors, including recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to inhaled irritants, although occasionally the cause remains unknown. In the context of obstructive diseases and conditions, emphysema is another disease in which the alveolar walls are destroyed, specifically due to smoking tobacco, leading to a decrease in surface area for gas exchange and air being trapped at the end of exhalation.
Regarding the questions provided, pneumonia can indeed be caused by fungi, making statement 15 true. Fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus can lead to aspergillosis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. For question 16, during exhalation the diaphragm relaxes, not contracts, so this statement is false. Three different types of things that can enter the respiratory system and cause illness or injury are bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These pathogens can cause conditions such as pneumonia, influenza, and aspergillosis respectively, each leading to various negative health effects like inflammation, congestion, impaired gas exchange, and in severe cases, systemic infection.