Final answer:
Caverns are most closely associated with solution cavities, which form in limestone after exposure to erosive water containing carbonic acid. Limestone itself is composed of marine skeleton fragments, silica, chert, clay, sand, and silt, and erodes easily in the presence of water.
Step-by-step explanation:
Caverns are most closely associated with solution cavities. These types of geological formations typically form within limestone, which is highly susceptible to erosion by water. When water containing carbonic acid comes into contact with limestone, it can lead to the dissolution of the rock, thus creating vast underground voids we recognize as caves or caverns.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock often containing fragments of marine skeletons from coral reefs, along with grains of materials like silica, chert, clay, sand, and silt. The unique composition of limestone makes it particularly prone to erosion when exposed to water, which is why caves made of this type of rock are so common. Caves represent significant geological features and are often explored for their beauty, geological interest, and biological diversity.