Question

Overall, members of Congress can ___ of the American people

a. possibly claim descriptive representation, but not substantive representation
b. possible claim both substantive and descriptive representation
c. claim neither substantive nor descriptive representation
d. possible claim substantive representation but not descriptive representation
e. claim both substantive and descriptive representation

Answer 1

Members of Congress can claim both substantive and descriptive representation of the American people, benefiting both constituencies and African American Congressional incumbents.

Step-by-step explanation:

Overall, members of Congress can claim both substantive and descriptive representation of the American people. Descriptive representation occurs when a member of Congress shares features such as race with their constituents, while substantive representation occurs when the representative seeks to pursue and advance policies that reflect the interests of their constituents. African American Congressional incumbents benefit from both forms of representation, as they are elected from majority Black districts, making their first form of representation descriptive. This increases political trust and contributes to distinct policy outcomes.