Final answer:
Secondary immune deficiency diseases are caused by factors that impair the immune system, including exposure to diseases like HIV, malnutrition, and environmental factors. Clinical manifestations include increased susceptibility to infections and slowed healing. Case studies typically involve conditions like HIV/AIDS and the effects of malnutrition.
Step-by-step explanation:
Secondary immune deficiency diseases occur due to acquired factors that impair the function of B cells, T cells, or both, leading to a compromised immune system. Unlike primary immunodeficiencies, which are genetic in nature, secondary immunodeficiencies arise from environmental or lifestyle factors such as malnutrition, infections, chemical exposure, or conditions like diabetes.
a. Causes and Characteristics
Secondary immunodeficiencies are characterized by an immune system that is weakened by external factors. Causes include malnutrition, viral infections (like HIV), diabetes, prolonged infections, chemical or radiation exposure.
b. Types of Secondary Immune Deficiency
Secondary immune deficiencies can result from various conditions, but common types include those arising from HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, and certain chronic diseases.
c. Clinical Manifestations
The clinical manifestations of secondary immunodeficiencies include increased susceptibility to infections, slowed wound healing, and potentially, development of opportunistic infections that normally wouldn't affect individuals with a healthy immune system.
d. Case Studies
A case study example of secondary immunodeficiency is the impact of HIV on the immune system, leading to AIDS when not appropriately treated. Malnutrition, particularly protein-energy malnutrition, can also lead to a secondary immunodeficiency attributed to a decrease in immunoglobulin and complement proteins.