Final answer:
The theory that multivariate factors like 'Circumscription, Population, and War' can explain the emergence of states is true. The complex process is driven by integrative pressures such as population growth, and conflict pressures, such as militaristic threats, which collectively influence the centralization of political power within societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'Circumscription, Population, and War is a multivariate theory used to explain the emergence of states' is true. The emergence of states is a complex process influenced by various pressures, which can broadly be categorized into integrative pressures and conflict pressures. Integrative pressures refer to factors such as population growth and social stratification, which necessitate the development of a more centralized and complex political structure to manage the needs of an increasing number of people and their diverse interests.
On the other hand, conflict pressures stem from the challenges of managing both internal and external threats. Externally, this includes the threats from neighboring societies, which can lead to increased militarization and conquests to ensure security and expand territory. Internally, the emergence of social stratification creates inequalities that can lead to tension and conflict within the society itself, requiring systems of law and ideology to maintain social order and cooperation.
Features of state societies include a centralized governmental authority with the power to levy taxes and enforce laws, an organized military force, and clearly defined territories. An example of the rise of a state in response to these pressures is the Aztec state of Mesoamerica, which centralized power as a response to both integrative and conflict pressures, such as demographic growth and the need to protect and extend territory through military action.