Final answer:
The child's continuous failure in tests and subsequent lack of effort is a representation of Learned Helplessness, a concept developed by Martin Seligman, explaining how repeated failure can lead to a belief in one's inability to effect change.
Step-by-step explanation:
The situation of the child who continuously fails tests despite studying hard, subsequently developing a mindset of being destined to fail and ultimately ceasing to try, is best explained by the concept of Learned Helplessness. This theory was initially proposed by psychologist Martin Seligman and colleagues, who conducted experiments illustrating how subjects (dogs, in their research), after experiencing uncontrollable adverse events, fail to act to prevent further misfortunes even when it is possible to do so.
According to Seligman, Learned Helplessness occurs when an individual believes they have no control over their situation and consequently stops trying to make changes, which may lead to a lack of initiative and potentially to depression. This concept has been applied broadly, including its relevance to how people understand and attribute causes of their failures or negative outcomes, which can foster or mitigate Learned Helplessness and its psychological impact.
The correct answer to the child's situation is D. Learned helplessness.