Final answer:
The character from Geoffrey Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales' who aligns with the description of being interested in astrology, profiting from the plague, and having a love of gold is the Doctor of Physic.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pilgrim described in the question who was interested in astrology, made a fortune during the plague times, and had a penchant for gold can be found in Geoffrey Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales.' In this collection of 24 stories, various pilgrims are on a journey to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The character who fits the description provided is the Doctor of Physic (or Physician). This medieval doctor was well-versed in astrology, which was highly regarded as a science at the time, and believed in its influence on people's health. During the outbreak of the plague, or Black Death, physicians like this character could earn a substantial income due to the high demand for medical attention. Moreover, the Doctor of Physic had a strong love for gold, which was a symbol of wealth and a medium for exchange during that era.