Final answer:
The Victorian period is associated with Victorianism, which includes bourgeois norms, gender roles, and moral restraint. It was marked by contrasts between ideology and reality, and the cultural superiority perceived by social elites amidst fear of social upheaval.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Victorian period, named after Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901, is associated with significant cultural and societal norms. Victorianism is synonymous with aspects such as the triumph of bourgeois behavior, top hats, rigid gender norms, and an almost pathological fear of sexuality. The repression of natural instincts, as noted by Sigmund Freud, characterized this era. Morality was tightly linked with economic success; the bourgeoisie viewed their wealth as proof of strong ethical character. This period also emphasized Christian piety, which was central to Victorian values.
Moreover, the Victorian era was marked by contrasts between social ideals and realities. Hypocrisy was rampant, with social elites publicly adhering to strict moral codes, while privately, behaviors like alcoholism and drug use became more common. Literature from the period, such as works by Charles Dickens, explored these contrasts, striving to realistically portray societal intricacies.
The era also witnessed profound economic and social changes. The Industrial Revolution led to mass urbanization and the development of a working class. There was a stark contrast between the elites' view of their own cultural superiority and their fear of being overwhelmed by the working class. Gender roles also became more defined, with middle-class women expected to embody modesty and morality while remaining in the private sphere.