Final answer:
Anthropologists measure human variation using quantitative methods for numeric data and qualitative methods for in-depth analysis. Quantitative traits are measurable and vary in degree, while qualitative traits are categorical. They apply the scientific method to draw conclusions from gathered data, using both quantitative and qualitative research.
Step-by-step explanation:
Anthropologists measure human variation by evaluating the physical and biochemical differences across human populations. Quantitative methods such as surveys and statistical analysis allow for numeric, measurable data to be collected, ranging from demographic information to biomarker analysis for medical research. On the other hand, qualitative methods involve in-depth, first-person research, such as field notes and interviews, to gain a nuanced understanding of human behavior and cultural practices.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Traits: Quantitative traits are measurable properties that can vary in degree and can be influenced by multiple genetic factors as well as environmental conditions, like height or skin pigmentation. Qualitative traits, in contrast, are categorical characteristics, such as blood type or the presence of a particular genetic marker, that can be used to describe the presence or absence of a specific feature.
Application of the Scientific Method: Following the scientific method, anthropologists formulate research questions, construct testable hypotheses, and gather data that can be both quantitative and qualitative. They conclude from data analysis, often employing statistical techniques, and retest their hypotheses to confirm findings. Observations, data collection, and analysis, whether quantitative or qualitative, are critical for advancing anthropological knowledge.