Final answer:
To survive colder climates, humans require oxygen, water, nutrients like carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. They must maintain appropriate atmospheric and blood pressure, as well as utilize clothing for insulation and store energy in the form of body fat due to lower food availability in cold seasons.
Step-by-step explanation:
To survive in colder climates, humans need a number of things. Oxygen is essential and cannot be lived without for more than a few minutes. Sufficient water intake is crucial as humans cannot survive more than several days without it. Nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals are vital for survival over several weeks. Additionally, atmospheric pressure is required for the body to maintain gases in solution and facilitate respiration. To ensure blood flows to all body tissues while avoiding vessel damage, an appropriate blood pressure is necessary.
When it comes to adaptation, humans have developed various means to combat the cold. Insulation through clothing is important, such as using animal hides which was a method used by early humans. The development of sewing needles around thirty thousand years ago allowed for better-suited clothing. Moreover, maintaining a certain threshold of body fat can be critical for surviving winters when the availability of food decreases.