Final answer:
E. Null hypothesis
The assumption regarding no significant difference between two random samples of a population is known as the Null hypothesis. It is used in statistical tests, such as one-way ANOVA, to determine if observed data differs significantly from what is expected under this hypothesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The assumption that there is no significant difference between two random samples of a population is called the Null hypothesis. In the context of one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis asserts that all group population means are equal. This implies that the populations the samples come from have the same normal distribution and equal variances. When performing a hypothesis test, we use the null hypothesis as a standard to determine whether observed data can be considered to occur by random variation, or whether there is enough statistical evidence to suggest that the null hypothesis should be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, which posits that there is a significant difference between group means.