Final answer:
Franz Boas made major contributions to anthropological thinking by emphasizing direct ethnographic research, establishing standards of field research, and challenging ethnocentric and racist theories.
Step-by-step explanation:
Franz Boas, a renowned anthropologist, made significant contributions to anthropological thinking.
One of Boas' major contributions was his emphasis on conducting ethnographic research directly with the people being studied, rather than relying on published sources.
He established standards of field research that became the foundation of contemporary anthropology. Boas also challenged ethnocentric and racist theories of his time by demonstrating that cultures develop in unique historical trajectories and constantly change through the sharing of ideas and practices.