Final answer:
Linear and stable hierarchies in female primates are typically found in social systems that emphasize female kinship and solidarity, cooperative strategies among primates, and matrilineal inheritance patterns. Female centrality and cooperation, rather than male competition, are the foundations of these steady hierarchies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The types of social systems that lead to linear and stable hierarchies in female primates are those that center around female kinship and solidarity. The core of most primate societies originates from sets of closely bonded mothers and their young rather than competitive males. Such social structures are characterized by cooperation among females, with roles and relationships being complex and not just revolving around access to males for reproduction, but also regarding the distribution of resources and caring for the young.
Matrilineality is common in these societies, where females primarily belong to their mother's kin group, and inheritance can pass through the maternal line. However, leadership within these groups, even matrilineal ones, may still be exercised by senior men in the family. Nevertheless, studies such as those by Sanday show that in societies considered to be matriarchies, both women and men work cooperatively.
These social systems avoid rigid patriarchal structures and instead promote a more egalitarian approach, reflecting the central role of females in primate social life. Therefore, cooperative strategies, matrilineal inheritance, and female kinship bonds are essential aspects that contribute to the formation of linear and stable hierarchies among female primates.