Final answer:
Visual illusions on approach for landing can include factors such as sloping terrain, up-slope runway, down-slope runway, wide runway, and steep surroundings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Visual illusions on approach for landing can include a variety of factors that can deceive pilots and affect their judgment. Some of these factors include sloping terrain, up-slope runway, down-slope runway, wide runway, and steep surroundings.
For example, when a pilot is approaching a runway on sloping terrain, the perceived height of the aircraft may differ from the actual height due to the angle of the terrain. Similarly, an up-slope or down-slope runway can create the illusion of an incorrect pitch angle during approach.
In addition, the width of the runway can also affect the pilot's perception of distance and speed. A wider runway may make the aircraft appear further away, while a narrower runway may make it seem closer.