Final answer:
Pilots must avoid flying above and below large planes due to the risk of wake turbulence, which can be dangerous, especially for smaller aircraft. They apply separation standards and alter flight paths to ensure safety.
Step-by-step explanation:
During flight planning, pilots must ensure to avoid flying directly above and below a large plane to prevent being affected by wake turbulence, which can pose a significant safety risk. Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the air created by the passage of an aircraft, primarily at low altitudes during takeoff and landing. These vortexes are created by the wings of the aircraft as it generates lift and can persist for several minutes after the aircraft has passed. To protect against the dangers of wake turbulence, pilots are trained to apply specific separation standards and to adjust their flight paths accordingly during the en-route phase of flight. It is essential for pilots to follow these protocols, especially when operating smaller aircraft in the vicinity of larger planes.