Final answer:
Cancer can be caused by mutations in the BRCA1 and TP53 genes, which increase the risk of developing certain cancers. These genes are located on autosomes and play critical roles in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Lifestyle and environmental factors also contribute to cancer, alongside genetics.
Step-by-step explanation:
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes normally help repair damaged DNA, but when they have harmful mutations, they can dramatically increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are indeed linked to cancer risk and are located on autosomes, not sex chromosomes. TP53, which codes for the p53 protein, is known as a tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in TP53 are associated with many types of cancers and can lead to uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth. Genetic testing can help identify inherited mutations in these genes, but having a mutation does not guarantee that cancer will develop; it only increases the risk. Additionally, environmental factors and lifestyle choices—such as smoking, exposure to carcinogens, and certain viral infections—can also contribute to the development of cancer.