Final answer:
Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism resulting from iodine deficiency, leading to intellectual and developmental issues in children. Iodine is essential for proper thyroid hormone production, and prevention typically involves iodized salt or supplements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency. This condition can cause irreversible intellectual disabilities and physical growth issues in children due to the essential role of thyroid hormones in brain development and growth. Dietary iodine is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). In the absence of sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce these hormones adequately, leading to increased secretion of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and potentially the development of a goiter. Prevention of these conditions often involves regular consumption of iodized salt or iodine supplements, especially in regions where iodine deficiency is common.