Final answer:
The question addresses the development of ethical standards and risk management from the 1990s onwards, focusing on codes of ethics, corporate responsibility, and the ethical conduct in various professions and research activities, especially concerning emerging technologies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question pertains to the development of ethical standards and risk management strategies that have been increasingly important from the 1990s onward. In this period, there was a significant focus on strengthening corporate responsibility and the creation of various codes of ethics to guide professional behavior in diverse fields, ranging from sociology to software engineering. For instance, the American Sociological Association created a code of ethics to encourage ethical research in sociology, and the IEEE-CS, in conjunction with ACM, adopted a Software Engineering Code of Ethics to define the professional practices and responsibilities of software engineers. These codes are designed to ensure that professionals act in a manner that is safe, respects privacy, and does not harm the environment, while also addressing concerns like the challenges posed by emerging technologies and artificial intelligence.
Furthermore, the establishment of institutional review boards (IRBs) and adherence to guidelines such as the Nuremberg Code reflect the commitment to safeguard human participants in clinical trials. These measures are reflective of a broader push towards ethical conduct in research and business practices, emphasizing the importance of protecting stakeholders and responding to societal and technological changes.