Final answer:
Phenytoin-induced gingival enlargement is a known side effect of the medication phenytoin, typically observed in the gums, particularly the interdental papillae of the anterior regions. The condition may be influenced by dose, individual susceptibility, and dental hygiene. Management relies on good oral hygiene practices and, in some cases, changes in medication or surgical intervention.
Step-by-step explanation:
Phenytoin is a medication commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy, and one of its known side effects is the enlargement of the gingiva, which is the medical term for gums. This condition is known as phenytoin-induced gingival enlargement or hypertrophy. The enlargement is typically first seen where the gums are the thickest, such as the interdental papillae, especially in the anterior regions. Over time, if left unchecked, this can progress and cover more of the surface of the teeth.
The exact mechanism of how phenytoin enlarges the gingiva is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an overproduction of collagen by gingival fibroblasts, and it may also be associated with insufficient dental hygiene due to the increased difficulty in cleaning enlarged gums. Other factors, including the dosage of phenytoin and the individual's susceptibility to the drug, can also influence the likelihood and severity of gingival enlargement.
Management of phenytoin-induced gingival enlargement involves collaboration between the patient, their physician, and a dental professional. Good oral hygiene, including consistent brushing and flossing, is crucial, and in some cases, adjustments to the medication regimen or surgical intervention may be necessary. Preventive dental care and regular check-ups can help manage the enlargement and prevent complications.