Final answer:
The Rotterdam criteria diagnose PCOS based on at least two out of three symptoms: high androgen levels, ovarian cysts, and disrupted ovulation. Hormones like LH and FSH are involved in ovulation, and high levels of androgens and AMH are associated with PCOS.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Rotterdam criteria are used to help diagnose Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). To be diagnosed with PCOS according to these criteria, two out of three of the following symptoms must be present: high androgen levels, the presence of cysts in the ovaries, and disrupted ovulation. High levels of androgens can cause symptoms such as facial hair growth, acne, and male-pattern baldness, while disrupted ovulation can lead to irregular menstrual cycles. An increase in the pituitary hormones LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) can affect the maturation of ovarian follicles, which is an important aspect of ovulation. Additionally, tests such as a pelvic ultrasound and blood work to check for elevated androgen levels and blood glucose are helpful in diagnosing PCOS, as seen in the case study of Gabrielle. High levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and elevated LH levels are also associated with PCOS and have been the subject of research studies.