Final answer:
The Constitution created a stronger federal government with a balance of powers between the nation and the states, as opposed to the weaker central government under the Articles of Confederation; this is emphasized in the Preamble which outlines the goals of government and the authority of the people.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation primarily in the way it structured the federal government, providing it with more authority compared to the weaker central government under the Articles. This change established a balance between national and state powers and introduced a federal system that was outlined through its Preamble and Seven Articles.
The Preamble of the Constitution reflects these differences by stating the goals of creating a 'more perfect union', establishing justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty. It also emphasizes the role of the people in granting authority to the government, as indicated by the phrase 'We the People'.
The establishment of a bicameral legislature, a stronger executive branch, and a separate judiciary marked a significant departure from the Articles of Confederation, which lacked the capacity to effectively lead the nation. Furthermore, the supremacy of federal law over state laws under Article VI and the ability of the Constitution to be amended per Article V reflect the dynamic and more robust nature of the new government framework.