Final answer:
The vertebral column, consisting of 26 bones, is divided into sections: seven cervical vertebrae in the neck, twelve thoracic vertebrae in the mid-back, and five lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, followed by the sacrum and the coccyx.
Step-by-step explanation:
The vertebral column, also known as the spine, plays a crucial role in the human body by protecting the spinal cord, supporting the head, and serving as the attachment point for ribs and back muscles. The upper part of the spine located in the neck is composed of seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), which are uniquely designed to support the skull and allow for a wide range of head movement. In the mid-back region, we find twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), which attach to the ribs and help form the back portion of the thoracic cage. The lower back contains five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), which are the largest of the vertebrae and bear much of the body's weight.
Below these individual vertebrae is the sacrum, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, and the coccyx, or tailbone, which is usually formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae. These fusions typically take place after the age of 20 and are completed by middle age. Changes in the curves of the vertebral column occur after birth, and these curves increase the strength and flexibility of the spine. The structure of an intervertebral disc and the location of the ligaments that provide support to the vertebral column are also important for the overall functionality and health of the spine.