Final answer:
Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by well-developed vertebrae, a mineralized skeleton made of calcium phosphate, paired appendages, and a protective cranium.
Step-by-step explanation:
Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by several key features. The correct options that apply are: b) well-developed vertebrae, c) a mineralized skeleton made of calcium phosphate, d) paired appendages, and e) a protective cranium.
While a bony jaw is a feature of many vertebrates, it is not exclusively definitive of all vertebrates, and therefore is not the best answer to the question.
Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of a vertebral column, which is a series of bones that form a backbone, providing structural support and protecting the spinal cord.
Unlike some other chordates, the notochord in vertebrates is replaced by this column of vertebrae during development.
Additionally, vertebrates have a cranium, a bony or cartilaginous case that encloses and protects the brain. The presence of a mineralized skeleton made of calcium phosphate allows for greater strength and support in vertebrates.
Lastly, paired appendages, which could be fins, wings, arms, or legs, are another distinguishing characteristic that provides various forms of locomotion and functionality.