Final answer:
The correct answer is option b. Hamilton’s Rule explains how altruistic behavior may evolve based on genetic relatedness and cost-benefit analysis. It also applies to eusocial behavior in certain insects.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hamilton’s Rule is an evolutionary theory that explains how altruistic behavior may evolve. It states that altruistic behavior is more likely to occur when the benefit to the recipient multiplied by their genetic relatedness to the altruist is greater than the cost to the altruist. This means that individuals are more likely to act altruistically if they are helping close relatives.
Eusocial behavior, which is the highest level of social organization seen in certain insects, also follows Hamilton’s Rule. In eusocial societies, there is a reproductive division of labor, where only certain individuals reproduce while others assist in the care of offspring. This behavior is favored by natural selection because it increases the inclusive fitness of the individuals involved.