Final answer:
Hackers may justify their actions based on beliefs that information should be freely accessible, there should be no limits to computer data access, or that creating harmful software is not criminal. These justifications challenge legal and ethical norms, as well as privacy and security rights.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hackers may justify their actions based on a variety of contentious principles. Some believe that all information should be free and advocate for unrestricted access to information as a form of digital activism. Others argue that access to computers and their data should be unlimited, viewing any restrictions as an infringement on personal freedoms. Additionally, there are those who do not consider the creation and distribution of viruses, malware, or harmful code a crime, viewing it as either a legitimate form of protest or a demonstration of technical prowess.
These justifications exist in tension with the legal systems, ethical standards, and the fundamental rights of individuals and organizations to maintain privacy and security. Issues of freedom of expression and information access are often cited, and debates around the responsibility of the government to protect national security while also upholding individual privacy rights under the Fourth Amendment are ongoing. The tactics used by hackers vary widely, impacting both individuals and governments by stealing sensitive information, disrupting services, or committing cybercrimes.