Final answer:
Primary controls are fundamental measures to ensure the security of information systems. Secondary controls provide an extra layer of protection. IT general controls apply to the entire IT infrastructure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Primary Controls
Primary controls refer to the fundamental measures put in place to ensure the security and effectiveness of an organization's information systems. These controls include authentication mechanisms, access controls, and data encryption.
Secondary Controls
Secondary controls are additional security measures that are implemented to provide an extra layer of protection. Examples include intrusion detection systems, firewalls, and antivirus software.
Basic Processing Modes
Basic processing modes refer to the different ways in which data can be processed. This includes real-time processing, batch processing, and online processing.
IT General Controls
IT general controls are overarching policies and procedures that apply to an organization's entire IT infrastructure. These controls ensure the overall integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the systems.
Application Controls
Application controls are specific controls that are built into individual applications to ensure their proper functioning and data integrity. Examples include input validation, data reconciliation, and error handling.
Time-Based Classification:
Time-based classification refers to the categorization of controls based on their timing or frequency. Controls can be classified as preventive controls, detective controls, or corrective controls.
Financial vs. Operating Controls:
Financial controls focus on the financial aspects of an organization, such as budgeting, financial reporting, and compliance with financial regulations. Operating controls, on the other hand, relate to the day-to-day operations and processes of the organization.
People-Based vs. System-Based Control:
People-based controls are controls that rely on human actions or decision-making. System-based controls, on the other hand, are controls that are automated and built into the technology systems.
Use of a Control Matrix:
A control matrix is a tool that organizations use to map their controls to specific risks and objectives. It helps in identifying any control gaps and ensuring that all risks are adequately addressed.