Final answer:
The specialized leadership role in Highland New Guinea known for its charismatic and persuasive influence was called the 'big man'. This leader gained respect and followers through wealth accumulation and generosity without any formal or coercive power.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specialized leadership role in Highland New Guinea was known as the role of the big man. Men who rose to this informal position of influence did so through their charisma, the accumulation of wealth, and significant contributions to the welfare of their community. The influencing power of a big man stemmed from persuasion rather than coercion, and it was rooted in the respect earned from community members due to acts such as sponsoring feasts and assisting with bridewealth payments.
In these societies, a big man's authority was maintained by the constant demonstration of his prowess, and his leadership was accepted because of the personal qualities that appealed to the followers. The role of a big man was significant, as he would settle disputes and represent his community in dealings with outsiders. Importantly, greed and selfishness were highly frowned upon within this role, emphasizing community service and equitable wealth distribution.