Final answer:
Charles Darwin was a British scientist known for formulating the theory of evolution through natural selection, which describes how species adapt and evolve. The concept of 'survival of the fittest' refers to the idea that traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more prevalent in subsequent generations, leading to adaptations in populations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist and geologist who is best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory through his work on natural selection. His seminal work, 'On the Origin of Species,' published in 1859, profoundly influenced the understanding of biology and the process of evolution. Darwin's theories were developed in conjunction with Alfred Russel Wallace and were based on the following fundamental observations:
- Variation exists in traits among individuals within a population, and these traits are inherited from parents to offspring.
- More offspring are produced than can survive due to limited resources, leading to a struggle for existence.
- Offspring with inherited traits that favor survival and reproduction are more likely to thrive and pass these traits on to the next generation.
The process by which advantageous traits become more common in a population, leading to evolutionary change, is referred to as descent with modification. Through this process, species become better adapted to their environments over time, showcasing the principle of survival of the fittest, a term coined by philosopher Herbert Spencer and often associated with Darwin's theories. It is important to note that 'survival of the fittest' does not simply mean the physically strongest survive, but rather those who are most adapted to their specific environments. Fitness in this context refers to the ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, thus contributing to the genetic makeup of future generations.