Final answer:
The consul was a pivotal elected position in the Roman Republic, later becoming a ceremonial role in the Empire. Cicero's writings reveal the consuls' involvement in political corruption, bribery, and the abuse of power. The role of consuls transitioned from active management of wars and provinces to a more symbolic presence in the later Empire.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term consul refers to an important elected official in the Roman Republic, and later became an honorary position in the Empire, symbolizing the emperor's representation in the Senate and at public games. Historical sources, especially those from Cicero, give us detailed accounts of the consuls' duties and their roles in various political events. For example, the consuls were responsible for dealing with external wars, managing provinces, and even overseeing internal investigations such as those into clandestine meetings. The historical significance of the consuls is evident through Cicero's orations, where they are often depicted at the center of political power struggles, facing accusations of corruption and misuse of authority.
Several key passages from Cicero highlight the activities of the consuls. In one instance, Cicero speaks of the consuls' involvement in a slave levy and mentions consuls who have abandoned their duty to the republic due to bribes. Similarly, during Cicero's own turmoil, consuls are depicted as neglecting the senate's authority, leading to an environment of terror and bribery.
The characteristics of the consul position involved a balance of significant political, military, and administrative responsibilities during the Republic, which shifted to more ceremonial roles during the Empire, reflecting changes in Rome's political structure over time.