Final answer:
The study of morality in primates suggests that behaviors such as empathy and reciprocity found in primates are precursors to human morals. These behaviors are part of our evolved brain structures, including mirror neurons, and are necessary for social group survival. Morality is shown to be grounded in our neurological framework as well as cultural evolution, rather than being solely derived from religious doctrine.
Step-by-step explanation:
Researchers such as Frans de Waal argue that primates display certain moral behaviors that suggest the roots of human morality. Behaviors like empathy and reciprocity, which are necessary for the survival of mammalian social groups, are observed in apes and monkeys. These traits may represent the biological basis of morality. Mirror neurons in the brain, found in both humans and other primates, are believed to play a role in empathy and reflective behaviors, forming the underpinnings of ethical behavior.
Neurobiology reveals that aspects of morality, such as honesty and the ability to process ethical dilemmas, are ingrained in brain structures. Our brains have evolved to support social life through emotions like empathy and sympathy, leading to the development of shared rules for peaceful coexistence. This aspect of brain function is a result of both genetic and cultural evolution, marrying the concepts of 'genes' and 'memes' in explaining morality.
Across human cultures, a common sense of morality has facilitated the formation of communities by providing a framework for behavior. Decades of research indicate that morality is not exclusive to humans, nor is it solely dependent on religion. Rather, morality is tied to both our physiological makeup as social mammals and our shared cultural histories.