Final answer:
The concept of intelligence has been shaped by scientists like Charles Spearman and Arthur Jensen, with controversial discussions on genetics and race. Modern research discredits race-based differences in intelligence, emphasizing environmental influences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of intelligence and its underlying assumptions have been developed by various scientists and researchers across history. In the field of psychology, British psychologist Charles Spearman was a notable figure who proposed the 'g' factor, representing a general intelligence factor underlying various cognitive abilities. In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton pioneered the first broad test of intelligence, setting the stage for more scientific assessments of mental capabilities. Early 20th-century work by Alfred Binet led to the development of an intelligence test for children, which was further standardized by Louis Terman in the United States.
Controversially, Arthur Jensen's work in 1969 proposed that intelligence was largely genetic, distinguishing between Level I (rote memorization) and Level II (conceptual and analytical abilities) abilities, and suggested that racial differences existed in Level II intelligence, a claim that was met with critical opposition for its racial bias. The framework for understanding intelligence has evolved significantly, with advancements challenging earlier assumptions and emphasizing a more dynamic interplay between genetics and environment.
It is crucial to note that the premise of race-based intelligence differences has been thoroughly undermined by subsequent research. Modern perspectives recognize the role of nurture and access to education as critical factors influencing intelligence, debunking pseudoscientific claims regarding race and cognitive ability.