Final answer:
The Japanese management style is characterized by Theory Z, which focuses on long-term employment and consensus in decision-making. It combines elements of Theory X and Theory Y, promoting employee involvement, satisfaction, and holistic well-being. Option D
Step-by-step explanation:
The management theory that characterizes the Japanese style is Theory Z. This theory, not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts, extends the ideas of Theory Y with a focus on employee involvement in business and loyalty to the company.
It combines the structured control of Theory X and the flexibility of Theory Y, aiming for employee satisfaction and a holistic approach that includes well-being and happiness at work. Theory Z was developed by Dr. William Ouchi and is influenced by Japanese philosophy.
It values consensus in decision-making, long-term employment, slow evaluation and promotion processes, and holistic concern for employees, both within and outside the scope of their work.
Theory Z promotes stable employment, high productivity, and high employee morale and satisfaction. In contrast, Theory X assumes that employees inherently dislike work and need to be closely supervised and controlled through a structured environment and strong authority.
Theory Y, on the other hand, suggests that employees are internally motivated, enjoy their labor, and seek out and accept greater responsibility. Telecommuting and the inclusion of employees in decision-making processes are examples of Theory Y management styles that encourage worker participation and autonomy. Option D