Final answer:
The advantages of bipedalism over quadrupedalism include a better ability to see greater distances and easier transportation of food. Running faster is not an advantage of bipedalism as many quadrupedal animals are faster runners. Hence, the correct choices are a) an increased ability to see greater distances and c) ease of transporting food.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include an increased ability to see greater distances and the ease of transporting food. One of the most important benefits of bipedalism is the elevation of the head, which allows for a better view of the surrounding environment, possibly aiding in the detection of predators and food sources. Additionally, bipedalism frees the hands, making it easier to carry items such as food, tools, or offspring. While it might seem that bipedalism could allow for running faster, in reality, many quadrupedal animals can run faster than bipedal ones. The evolutionary changes for bipedal locomotion, such as the angling of the femur, the development of spinal curves, and the evolution of the arch in the foot, while facilitating efficient walking and carrying, do not necessarily translate to better running speed compared to quadrupeds. Therefore, the correct answer to the question would be d) both a. and c.