Final answer:
Equestrian foraging societies were not without leaders or hierarchy and were often male-dominated, with a significant role played by male warriors, especially those of the nobility who could afford horses. Their defeat by European-style armies was not necessarily quick or easy, and the role of mounted warriors was eventually made obsolete by firearms technology.
Step-by-step explanation:
Concerning equestrian foraging societies, the statement that they had highly democratic political systems without leaders is not supported by the historical evidence provided. Many equestrian foraging societies, such as those on the Great Plains following the reintroduction of the horse to North America, transformed from settled agriculturalists to nomadic hunters and gatherers. This mobility became crucial for following herds and conducting warfare. While some aspects of these societies may have had democratic elements, such as collective decision-making, they were not without leaders or hierarchy. The role of male warriors was significant, and the societies were often dominated by male members of the nobility, who could afford horses. This equestrian aristocracy played an important role in the society's defense and status. Additionally, the statement that these societies were easily and quickly defeated by European-style armies is simplistic and does not consider the lengthy and complex interactions and conflicts between these groups. The introduction of firearms technology had a profound impact on social structures, as it eventually made aristocratic mounted warriors obsolete, reducing the power and privileges of the aristocracy, a process evident in many societies including those in Western Europe.