Final answer:
The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic-based nations is an example of tribalism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of b) tribalism.
The breakup of former Yugoslavia into separate countries based on ethnicity is a similar example of tribalism. In both cases, the desire for national independence and self-determination among specific ethnic groups led to the creation of new nation-states.