Final answer:
Critiques of Freud's theory include challenges to the empirical validity of psychoanalysis and accusations of supporting oppressive state control and patriarchal views. Neo-Freudians like Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney, while building on Freud, shifted focus from sex to social factors and coping mechanisms such as the inferiority complex.
Step-by-step explanation:
The individual named Malenawski is not specifically identified in the reference information, but the question seems to revolve around a critique of Freud's theory. In general, many of Freud's theories have been met with skepticism and criticism. For instance, post-structuralists have challenged Freud's ideas on psychoanalysis and his conception of universal mental structures, arguing that these cannot be empirically proven. Furthermore, scholars like Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari have critiqued psychoanalysis as a tool of oppressive state control, while feminist theorists such as Luce Irigaray have criticized Freud's theories for being exclusionary towards women and based on patriarchal constructs.
However, Freud's legacy in psychology remains significant. His concept of the unconscious mind and the influence of childhood experiences on personality development have paved the way for subsequent psychological theories. Despite divergences in focus, the neo-Freudians, including Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney, built upon and expanded Freud's theories, emphasizing the social environment and decreasing the emphasis on biological drives like sex. For example, Alfred Adler introduced the concept of the inferiority complex, which diverges from Freud's focus on sexual and aggressive drives and suggests people are motivated by a drive to overcome feelings of inferiority.