Final answer:
The early goal of anthropology was to study the relationships and cultural progressions among Indigenous societies, with one aim being to understand migration patterns to the Americas. Ethnology emerged from this interest, and figures like Franz Boas developed rigorous fieldwork methods. Reflecting on anthropology's role in colonialism is crucial for its ethical evolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
Early Goals of Anthropology and Ethnology:
The early goal of anthropology was to understand the similarities and differences between various Indigenous societies. This pursuit gave rise to the branch called ethnology, which focused on cross-cultural comparisons to discern how these societies were related, especially in terms of migration patterns and cultural elements. Early anthropologists, like Edward Tylor, believed that cultures progressed through stages from 'savagery' to 'barbarism' to 'civilization' although these theories were speculative and not based on direct observation, often reflecting the ethnocentric views of the time.
Contribution of Franz Boas to Anthropology:
Franz Boas, a pivotal figure in anthropology, questioned "Why are the tribes and nations of the world different, and how have the present differences developed?" Boas set high standards for field research that shaped contemporary anthropology, emphasizing direct observation and data collection among Indigenous peoples to build a scientific base for understanding human diversity.
Role of Anthropology in Colonialism:
Anthropology has also played a controversial role in supporting colonialism. Anthropologists often served as cultural experts, which sometimes led to aiding colonial powers. Critical reflection on this legacy is important for reversing these practices and moving towards a more ethical anthropology.