Final answer:
Ancient rammed earth walls and fortifications appeared as early as 2600 to 2000 BCE for protecting expanding communities. Notable examples like the Great Wall of China and the walls of Jericho embody early uses of earth for construction. These fortifications often served defensive and offensive purposes in ancient times.
Step-by-step explanation:
Rammed earth walls and earthen fortifications first appeared during ancient times as a method of protection and defense for growing settlements. By 2600 to 2000 BCE, as small towns became populated, communities expanded and built walls made of rammed earth to protect against potential conflict. One of the most notable early examples of rammed earth construction is the Great Wall of China, which was initially constructed from rammed earth before later dynasties rebuilt parts in stone.
In Mesopotamia, from about 3500 BCE, cities like Jericho were surrounded by massive walls, some reaching 30 feet in height, which were constructed from earth enhanced by bricks. These walls often served as a critical defense mechanism during times of warfare and territorial disputes. The site of Jericho from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period (8500-7000 BCE) showcases one of the first significant stone wall constructions, which presents the possibility of serving military defense purposes.
The construction of long walls in the Zhou dynasty was also a strategic move, not only for defense but as offensive lines to hold and expand territory. The walls were made of packed earth and functioned as observation points against enemy movement. Wall-building to define and protect territories was a common practice in ancient civilizations, indicating the widespread use of earth as a construction material for fortifications.