Final answer:
The School of Thought in anthropology that values all cultures as equal is known as cultural relativism, which counters ethnocentric views and emphasizes understanding cultures on their own terms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The anthropological School of Thought that believes no culture is more or less valuable than another is known as cultural relativism. This perspective arose as a challenge to early anthropological theories like unilineal evolution, which posited that cultures evolve along a single trajectory toward a European ideal of civilization. Cultural relativism, championed by anthropologists such as Franz Boas, instead emphasizes that each culture develops through its own unique historical trajectory and constant interaction with other cultures. This approach rejects the ethnocentric idea of ranking cultures on a scale of sophistication and instead values the diversity and complexity of all cultures equally.
Cultural relativism is crucial because it promotes understanding and respect for cultural practices and beliefs. By applying this concept, anthropologists and other individuals are encouraged to suspend judgment and endeavor to understand a culture on its own terms. This principle has been fundamental in shaping contemporary anthropological thought and encouraging a more nuanced appreciation for the vast array of human societies and cultures.