Final answer:
Pastoral societies utilized animal dung primarily as fuel for fires and as manure to enrich agricultural soil, especially in environments with challenging conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pastoralism societies used animal dung for various purposes, most notably as a source of fuel for fires. This organic material, commonly referred to as manure, was also essential for improving agriculture by enriching the soil with nutrients through the process of composting. In regions with challenging environmental conditions, such as limited agriculture and unpredictable rainfall, manure became a crucial resource to help African farmers grow crops. The beneficial use of animal dung is a testament to the adaptability and sustainability of pastoralist societies, which optimized their resources and forged a deep understanding of their environment and the animals they herded.