Final answer:
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), passed in 1990, protects Native American archaeological sites and cultural artifacts. It provides for the repatriation of human remains and cultural items to Native tribes, although challenges remain in repatriating remains without identified cultural affiliations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA):
In 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was enacted to protect Native American graves and give tribes the rights to repatriate cultural items, such as human remains and funerary objects. This legislation marked a significant change in federal policy, respecting the cultural heritage and historical rights of Native American communities, which had historically been disregarded or violated by antiquarians and archeologists. Under NAGPRA, over 20,000 sets of remains had been returned to Native tribes by 2010, contributing to the restoration of dignity and cultural integrity for Native communities. Scientists have expressed concerns over the impact of NAGPRA on research, but the law primarily seeks to address historical grievances and support the sovereignty and self-determination of Native peoples.
NAGPRA has contributed to a shift in the relationship between federal institutions, museums, and Native Americans, emphasizing partnerships, mutual respect, and recognition of Native rights to cultural heritage. Despite its successes, some challenges remain, such as the repatriation process and identifying cultural affiliations of human remains still held by institutions. This legislation represents an ongoing effort to correct past injustices and to ensure the respect and legal protection of Native American cultural sites and artifacts.